The review intended to examine the challenges and recent achievements in the development of vaccine candidates against COVID-19.

The research team concluded that the dysregulation of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory system could explain most of the clinical features of severe COVID-19.

First-level treatments include repurposing antivirals and antimalarials, and plasma infusion should help, but development of existing or new molecules into vaccines will take time. The unpredictable trajectory of this outbreak demands careful surveillance to monitor the situation, draw strategies, implement control measures, and create proper ethical laws and medical guidelines.

By April 28th 2020, the global number of people that were viciously infected with the newfound novel corona virus (COVID-19) stood at a staggering 3 077 133 cases, as per the confirmed data released by the WHO.

Taha Nazir, BPharm, MPhil, PhD; Saeed Ur Rashid Nazir, BPharm, MPhil, MBA, PhD; Misbah Sultana, BPharm, MPhil, PhD; Nida Taha, PharmD, MPhil; Humayun Riaz, BPharm,

The developing symptoms of COVID-19, as well as the progression of illness and fatality, are a clearly a function of the overall health status of the individual. Complex, chronic diseases such as obesity, hypertension, and diabetes are directly correlated with risk of disease severity and mortality.

The ability to accurately identify whether individuals are at risk for, infected with, or have an immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is essential to address the COVID-19 pandemic from both a personal, clinical and a public health perspective. We investigate the clinical value of testing for the presence of viral RNA (a surrogate for infection) and the presence of antibodies (a proxy for immunity) to gather data to protect both individual and public health. We define the limitations and the practical clinical application of viral and serologic testing.

Evans JM1, Luby R2, Lukaczer D2, Rountree R3, Stone PM4, Guilliams TG5, Yanuck S6, Messier H7, Ramsdell K2, Hanaway PJ8   1The Center for Functional

This paper presents an evidence-based strategy for improving clinical outcomes in COVID-19. Recommendations are based on the phases of the disease, because optimal interventions for one phase may not be appropriate for a different phase. The four phases addressed are: Prevention, Infection, Inflammation and Recovery.

There is a high level of interest in integrative strategies to augment public health measures to prevent COVID-19 infection and associated pneumonia.